Performance Of Lithium-ion Batteries Research Articles

A Study of the Thermal Management and Discharge Strategies of Lithium-Ion Batteries in a Wide Temperature Range

The performance of lithium-ion batteries is greatly influenced by various factors within their operating environment, which can significantly impact their overall efficiency and effectiveness. In this paper, a multi-physics field electrochemical thermal model is established to measure the physical parameters of a battery module during the charge/discharge process. The effects of working temperature, current rate, and convective heat transfer coefficient are investigated by establishing an electrochemical and thermal model. The results are obtained by conducting numerous parameterized scans to analyze the system’s state across various operating conditions, enabling the determination of its temperature and the selection of appropriate cooling measures accordingly. Based on the internal and external conditions of battery operation, parameter selection corresponding to the operating range is divided into several stages, with thermal management strategies provided for each stage. The existing framework facilitates the design of battery packs equipped with efficient thermal management strategies, thereby enhancing the battery systems’ reliability and performance. Furthermore, it aids in establishing optimal operational and safety boundaries for batteries.

Effect of hydroxy-terminated hyperbranched polymer coated separator on the lithium-ion battery performances

Abstract The hydrophobicity of polyolefin separators causes poor compatibility with the internal environment of lithium-ion batteries and thus elevates lithium-ion migration barriers. In this research, hydroxy-terminated hyperbranched polymer (HTHP) coated separators are fabricated successfully based on the simple and easy-on impregnation method. Abundant hydroxyl groups in HTHP reinforce separator electrolyte affinity, generating the much lower contact angle and higher electrolyte uptake. Accordingly, HTHP-coated separators show broader electrochemical window and superior ionic conductivity and Li+ transport number, which facilitate the Li+ migration within porous pathways and hence maximally weaken counteranions-induced polarizations. The lower interfacial resistances also guarantee the Li+ accelerated diffusion via the separator–electrodes interfaces. Therefore, batteries containing modified separators exhibit optimized C-rate capacity and cycling stability. However, immoderate HTHP coating blocks partial pores and thus restricts Li+ transference, which deteriorates C-rate capacity and cycling durability in turn. This separator modification scheme possesses advantages of simple preparation, environment-friendly, and low manufacturing cost, providing practical guidance for low-cost and high-performance separator manufacture.

Mo-doping modulated cationic vacancy in Zn3V2O8 with enhanced electrochemical performance for lithium-ion batteries

Given diverse redox reactions and abundant raw materials, Zn3V2O8 with high specific capacity is considered as a potential anode material for lithium-ion batteries. Same as other transition metal oxides, Zn3V2O8 suffers from infertile conductivity, sluggish ion diffusion and fast capacity loss derived from volume expansion during discharge/charge process, further hindering its application. In this work, a novel Mo doped Zn3V2O8 (Zn3V2-xMo5x/6O8) anode material with cationic vacancy (V vacancy) has been designed through a facile sol-gel method. It is found that a small Mo-doping amount has nearly no influence on the crystal structure, morphology and element valence states of Zn3V2O8. Mo doped Zn3V2O8 samples possess smaller charge transfer resistance and higher lithium ion diffusion coefficient. The results of electrochemical performance illustrate that Mo doped Zn3V2O8 can deliver higher reversible specific capacities and better rate capability compared with Zn3V2O8, which can be ascribed to the introduction of V vacancy. In particular, when Mo-doping amount is set as 0.03, the obtained Zn3V1.97Mo0.025O8 exhibits a reversible capacity of 481.1 mAh g−1 after 600 cycles at 1 A g−1. It is believed that this work could provide an effective and feasible strategy to construct high performance transition metal vanadate anode materials for lithium-ion batteries.

Synergistic Engineering of CoO/MnO Heterostructures Integrated with Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanofibers for Lithium-Ion Batteries

The integration of heterostructures within electrode materials is pivotal for enhancing electron and Li-ion diffusion kinetics. In this study, we synthesized CoO/MnO heterostructures to enhance the electrochemical performance of MnO using a straightforward electrostatic spinning technique followed by a meticulously controlled carbonization process, which results in embedding heterostructured CoO/MnO nanoparticles within porous nitrogen-doped carbon nanofibers (CoO/MnO/NC). As confirmed by density functional theory calculations and experimental results, CoO/MnO heterostructures play a significant role in promoting Li+ ion and charge transfer, improving electronic conductivity, and reducing the adsorption energy. The accelerated electron and Li-ion diffusion kinetics, coupled with the porous nitrogen-doped carbon nanofiber structure, contribute to the exceptional electrochemical performance of the CoO/MnO/NC electrode. Specifically, the as-prepared CoO/MnO/NC exhibits a high reversible specific capacity of 936 mA h g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 after 200 cycles and an excellent high-rate capacity of 560 mA h g−1 at 5 A g−1, positioning it as a competitive anode material for lithium-ion batteries. This study underscores the critical role of electronic and Li-ion regulation facilitated by heterostructures, offering a promising pathway for designing transition metal oxide-based anode materials with high performances for lithium-ion batteries.

Recent Progress on Metal Organic Framework and Covalent Organic Framework Based Solid‐State Electrolyte Membranes for Lithium Battery Applications

AbstractLithium batteries have been widely utilized in wide‐ranging electronic devices, from smartphones to electric vehicles. This review explores a new area of advanced materials for energy storage application, especially focusing on solid electrolyte membranes for lithium battery. To enhance the overall performance of lithium batteries, researchers are studying solid electrolyte membranes, aiming to overcome the limitations of liquid electrolytes and other traditional membranes. Recently, metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent‐organic frameworks (COFs) exhibit promising characteristics due to their highly organized porous nature and structural properties. These frameworks hold significant potential as a viable component for lithium battery systems, especially in advanced separator/electrolyte setups. Because of their adjustable structural design, MOFs and COFs have the capacity to enhance battery performance by facilitating ion movement, providing superior mechanical stability, and safety. This review provides insight into the recent progress achieved by integrating MOFs and COFs into solid electrolyte membranes for lithium batteries, highlighting their potential advantages, associated challenges, and future research avenues.

The application of nanotechnology in the field of lithium-ion battery

Nanotechnology, with its remarkable progress, has permeated various aspects of daily life, highlighting its crucial role in shaping the world. One of its most significant applications is in the realm of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), where it holds the potential to dramatically enhance battery performance. This application is studied extensively both in the industry and academia. As the use of LIBs becomes more widespread, the demand for these batteries continues to rise. This paper will primarily focus on the utilization of nanotechnology within the LIB sector. This paper will delve into its applications across various components, including the cathode and anode. Furthermore, this paper will explore the potential future applications of nanotechnology in this field, examining how it can revolutionize energy storage technologies. The integration of nanotechnology not only enhances the performance of LIBs but also opens doors to innovative solutions that can address the growing energy demands of the modern society.

Applying different nanomaterials to improve the performance of lithium-ion batteries

Due to their superior qualities, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have lately taken the top spot among rechargeable secondary batteries. To achieve the increasing demand for electricity in the related industries, its improvement and development are in full swing, especially the nanomaterials have become an important direction of improvement because of their special structure matching with charging-discharging mechanisms. This paper focuses on the application of nanomaterials in the LIBs. It briefly introduces carbon-based and silicon-based nanomaterials, metal (alloy), metal oxide (sulfide), MOFs nanomaterials, and Mxenes in lithium-ion batteries and lithium-sulfur batteries by reviewing the pertinent literature from recent years. including the reasons for their application, the application mechanism and the effectiveness of their improvement. It has been discovered that nanoparticles have numerous and intricate uses in the LIBs. It is hoped that this study can provide new ideas for the structural design and functional modification of nanomaterials in battery applications in the future.

Synergistic effects of fluorine plasma on improving carbon aerogel anodes performance in lithium-ion batteries

In this study, CF4 plasma was used to increase the lithium-ion storage performance of carbon aerogels. We confirmed the impacts of the fluorine plasma on the chemical and structural properties of F-doped carbon aerogels. Analyses of various battery performances revealed significant enhancements in the specific discharge capacities, rate performances, and cycling stabilities. These enhancements were attributed to a synergistic effect of F-doping and increased specific surface areas caused by the fluorine plasma. The increased capacities arose from plasma-induced increases in the specific surface areas, facilitating greater lithium-ion adsorption. Faster rate performances were achieved through increased conductivities due to the formation of semi-ionic C–F bonds and optimized pore structures that increased electrolyte permeability. The superior cycling stability was attributed to the stable LiF-based SEI layer generated by semi-ionic C-F bonds. These findings were confirmed by analyses of the lithium-ion storage mechanism and the postcycling SEI layers. These results showed that the F-doped carbon aerogel anodes prepared with the plasma treatments had higher discharge capacities, faster rate performances, and higher stabilities due to the synergistic effect of F-doping and etching.

Multi-objective optimization for multi-stage constant current charging for Li-ion batteries

Fast charging is a key challenge for the widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs), as it can make EVs more convenient and appealing to consumers. Therefore, different charging methods are proposed to enhance the performance of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Multi-stage constant current (MSCC) charging can improve LIB's performance in several aspects, including charging time, charged capacity, temperature rise, average temperature rise, and charging energy efficiency. However, achieving a multi-objective performance during LIB charging is challenging. In this paper, the Taguchi method is used to determine the multi-objective optimal (MOO) charging profile for the MSCC charging strategy. The Orthogonal experiments are designed and conducted to find the optimal solutions for each performance parameter for a five-stage constant current (5SCC) charging profile. A comparison is conducted among the performance-based selective charging profiles to validate the optimal charging profile. Furthermore, a comparison is made between the obtained MOO charging profile and the classical equivalent constant current constant voltage (CCCV) method. Experimental results demonstrated that the MOO charging profile reduces the charging time with comparable temperature rise to the CCCV, making it promising for the future alternative efficient EV charging. These findings highlight the effectiveness of the MSCC approach in improving LIB performance.

Home-made chemical vapor deposition-based synthesis of binder-free nanostructured magnesium-molybdenum-sulfide electrode materials for supercapacitor application

Molybdenum disulfides (MoS2) is considered as promising electrode materials (E-M) for high electrochemical performance (ECP) of lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors due their layered nanostructures. Herein, MoS2, MgS and hetrostructure MgS/MoS2 E-Ms comprising of nano-particles/sheets/needles like structure are synthesized on Nickel foam (Ni-F) by a simple chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique. The XRD analysis confirmed the formation of MoS2, MgS and MgS/MoS2 polycrystalline E-Ms growing along different directions. The FESEM analysis is confirmed that the addition of MgS layer over the surface of MoS2 change the formation of nano-particles into nano-needles. The change in structural and microstructural features is indicated the appearance of defects, micro-strain and dislocations density which are fruitful for excellent ECP. The cyclic voltammetry analysis is indicated the pseudocapacitive nature of synthesized E-Ms. The maximum specific capacitance values for MoS2/Ni-F, MgS/Ni-F and MgS/MoS2/Ni-F E-Ms are 1273, 1688 and 3934 F/g at current density of 1 A/g respectively. Moreover, the addition of MgS layer over MoS2/Ni-F is revealed the excellent cyclic stability of 98.76% at current density of 10 A/g after 4000 cycles, energy density values are ranged from 79-136 Wh/kg with homologous power density of 250-2500 W/kg and very small charge transfer resistance. The simulations of Power’s Law and Dunn’s model is confirmed that the excellent ECP is due to both capacitive and diffusive controlled contributions of heterostructured MgS/MoS2/Ni-F E-Ms. Additionally, MgS/MoS2/Ni-F E-Ms have both battery and pseudocapacitive nature due to unique nano-needles like morphology. The excellent electrochemical properties of MgS/MoS2/Ni-F E-Ms substantiate their potential applications in portable energy storage devices.

Hydrogen-bonded organic framework modified separator for simultaneously enhancing the safety and electrochemical performance of Ni-rich lithium-ion battery

Nickel-rich layered oxide cathode (LiNixCoyMn1−x−yO2, x > 0.5, NCM) shows substantial potential for applications in longer-range electrical vehicles. However, the rapid capacity decay and serious safety concerns impede its practical viability. This work provides a hydrogen-bonded organic framework (HOF) modification strategy to simultaneously improve the electrochemical performance, thermal stability and incombustibility of separator. Melamine cyanurate (MCA), as a low-cost and reliable flame-retardant HOF, was implemented in the separator modification layer, which can prevent the battery short circuit even at a high temperature. In addition, the supermolecule properties of MCA provide unique physical and chemical microenvironment for regulating ion-transport behavior in electrolyte. The MCA coating layer enabled the nickel-rich layered oxide cathode with a high-capacity retention of 90.3% after 300 cycles at 1.0 C. Collectively, the usage of MCA in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) affords a simple, low-cost and efficient strategy to improve the security and service life of nickel-rich layered cathodes.

Designing high-chaos mixed-salt electrolytes for enhancing graphite-electrolyte interfacial stability in lithium-ion batteries

The interfacial stability between graphite anodes and electrolytes is crucial for the electrochemical performance of lithium-ion batteries, particularly at low temperatures. This study investigates the effect of incorporating four common Solid-Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) components—LiF, LiNO3, Li2O, and Li2CO3—directly into two types of commercial electrolytes: carbonate-based (1.0 M LiPF6-EC/DMC, LP30) and ether-based (1 M LiTFSI-DOL/DME+2 % LiNO3, LDD) both with 5 % FEC (v/v) to create high-chaos mixed-salt electrolytes (LP30-FEC-4S and LDD-FEC-4S). Our findings show that Li/graphite cells exhibit significantly enhanced rate performance in both LP30-FEC-4S and LDD-FEC-4S electrolytes, compared to commercial LP30 and LP57 electrolytes. LiFePO4/graphite full cells using LP30-FEC-4S and LDD-FEC-4S electrolytes also showed excellent electrochemical performance (124.73 mAh g−1 and 119.21 mAh g−1 specific capacities at 0.5C). Remarkably, stable SEIs form rapidly on the graphite anode surfaces in the designed electrolytes even at low temperatures of −10 °C. Moreover, we demonstrate that the Li+ solvation structure is fundamental in determining the overall electrochemical performance. This study suggests that enhancing the mixing entropy of the system by adding multiple lithium salts to a commercial electrolyte is an effective and cost-efficient strategy for improving graphite-electrolyte compatibility.

Applying different methods to improve the performance of lithium-ion batteries

Currently, the demand for energy is increasing, but people are beginning to realize that the impact of fossil fuels on the environment is very negative. As a more environmentally friendly energy source, electricity has been favored by everyone, and lithium batteries are a good choice. However, there are still some problems with lithium batteries at present. For this reason, a diverse of different methods have been developed and used to solve the problems encountered in the application of lithium-ion batteries. This research will summarize the problems pointed out in the previous literature. There will be different analysis methods for different problems in lithium batteries. The life cycle assessment (LCA) is mentioned in many documents, which can analyze whether electric vehicles are environmentally friendly and how to make them more environmentally friendly. Of course, this research also proposes the use of food waste to refine hard carbon, so that the cost of developing lithium batteries can be reduced.

Optimization of mixing speed and time to disperse the composite conductive agent composed of carbon black and graphene in lithium-ion battery slurry

This paper proposed an optimal approach to disperse the composite conductive agent which is composed of carbon black (CB) and graphene (Gr) within lithium-ion battery (LIB) slurry with different mixing speeds and mixing times. The internal structures of LIB slurry are characterized by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Raman experiment. Initially, a composite conductive solution is prepared by mixing the composite conductive agent with NMP solvent under the conditions of five different mixing speeds n1 (n1 = 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400 rpm) in the case of mixing time t1 = 10 min. Subsequently, LIB slurry is prepared by blending the composite conductive solution, LiCoO2 and PVDF-NMP solution under the conditions of five different mixing speeds n2 (n2 = 1000 ± 280, 1100 ± 280, 1200 ± 280, 1300 ± 280, 1400 ± 280 rpm) in the case of mixing time t2 = 6 min. By analyzing the internal structure of different LIB slurries, it shows that in the case of n1 = n2 = 1200 rpm, a conductive network structure is well formed within LIB slurry. Additionally, in order to determine the optimal time to prepare the composite conductive solution for LIB slurry, nine different t1 (t1 = 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 min) are selected. By analyzing the internal structure of different LIB slurries, a well-formed conductive network structure and a uniformly distributed composite conductive agent are deduced in LIB slurry when t1 = 50 min. Therefore, it can be concluded that the composite conductive agent composed of CB and Gr is able to be uniformly dispersed in LIB slurry by establishing a well-formed conductive network structure under the optimal mixing speed n1 = n2 = 1200 rpm and the optimal mixing time t1 = 50 min, t2 = 6 min. This kind of the internal structure has the potential to be used to further analyze the dispersion characterizations of LIB slurry under different composite conductive agent and CB/Gr ratios with the aim of improving the final performance of LIB.

Dual-type confinement strategy: Improving the stability of organic composite cathodes for Lithium-ion batteries with longer lifespan

Inclusive reports on organic cathodes are the key evidence of their superior performance for Lithium-ion batteries. However, it is still promising to simultaneously achieve a higher practical specific capacity and longer cycling life, owing to the crucial concern of the dissolution of active molecules in organic electrolytes. The introduction of porous carbon confinement and coating which can impart discharge capacity and cycling stability, is highly beneficial. Herein, we designed and prepared a novel composite cathode (designated as HKUST-1-C@DHAQ@TiO2) with small molecules (DHAQ) in porous carbon skeleton (HKUST-1-C) as core and TiO2 as shell. The unique dual-type confinement strategy offers short Li+/e- diffusion directions for redox reactions and superior structural stability during cycling without dissolution or decomposition of the components, resulting in excellent electrochemical performance. The HKUST-1-C@DHAQ@TiO2 cathode delivers significant specific capacity (209 mAh g−1, 0.1 A g−1), markable Coulombic efficiency (nearly 100 %), notable cycling stability (86 % retention for provided 200 cycles) and excellent rate capacity (138 mAh g−1 at 1.0 A g−1). The presented findings offer the deep understanding of redox reactions and organic cathode evolution mechanisms for the progress of smarter energy storage batteries.

Assessing performance in lithium-ion batteries recycling processes: A quantitative modeling perspective

In the shift toward sustainable energy solutions, the efficiency of lithium-ion battery (LIB) recycling within the supply chain is of paramount importance. This study evaluates the performance of LIB recycling processes by advancing a quantitative modeling approach. Through process simulations, a comprehensive assessment of pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical LIB recycling processes is presented by focusing on the key parameters that influence material recoveries and yields. Recycling efficiency indicators, accounting for the quantity and quality of recycled materials, are introduced and their dependence on the share of different battery chemistries and formats in the spent batteries feed is assessed via numerical simulations. A sensitivity analysis of process parameters identifies the unit operations mostly affecting the recycling performance, highlighting process criticalities. The model presented and its outcomes provide a valuable guide for stakeholders in the LIB industry, aiding informed decision-making to enhance sustainability and resource recovery in the ecosystem of electrochemical energy storage.

A microfluid-on-microfluid phase separation strategy fabricates high-throughout porous polyimide separator for lithium-ion batteries

The microstructures and thermal stability of separators are critical for the safety and performance of lithium-ion batteries; however, it is still challenging to fabricate advanced separators simultaneously achieving uniform and high-throughput interconnected microporous structures with high thermal stability. Here, based on a soluble polyimide (PI) with high thermal stability, we report a microfluid-on-microfluid phase separation strategy (MF2-PS) to address the above challenge. Compared to the traditional non-solvent induced phase separation by immersion, the MF2-PS strategy can achieve more controlled porous structures with sponge-like open channels at submicron scale. The high surface polarity of the PI-separator also exhibited good wettability with liquid electrolytes, and a high electrolyte uptake (182 wt%) for achieving a high ion-conductivity. It also showed much superior thermal stability as compared to PP separator. Finally, due to the unique porous structures, the PI-separator by MF2-PS strategy successfully delivered a discharge capacity of 161.9 mA h g−1 for LiFePO4 electrode, and very stable cycling performance. All these results indicates that the PI-separator by MF2-PS may find significant applications in safe and high-performance batteries.

Residual NMP and Its Impacts on Performance of Lithium-Ion Cells

Abstract N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) is the most common solvent used in coating positive electrode materials on aluminum foil during the manufacturing of lithium-ion batteries. NMP is a strongly polar aprotic solvent that effectively dissolves the polyvinylidene difluoride binder. While the majority of NMP typically evaporates during the electrode baking process, trace amounts may persist, particularly in positive electrodes containing nano-sized and highly-porous active materials. We noted residual NMP in the positive electrodes of Li-ion pouch cells containing LiMn0.8Fe0.2PO4 due to the extremely high surface area of the material and we wanted to determine the impact of this residual NMP. Therefore, a control electrolyte was purposely spiked with varying amounts of NMP and used in NMC532/graphite pouch cells to investigate the impact of residual NMP on lithium-ion battery performance. Experimental results indicate that NMP has the potential not only to neutralize the electrolyte additive ethylene sulfate but also to independently increase cathode impedance, leading to a higher rate of capacity loss during charge-discharge cycling. It is crucial to establish the appropriate procedure for baking electrodes containing NMP, both in laboratory and industrial settings, to mitigate these effects.

Silkworm cocoon-inspired and robust nanofibrous composite separator with gradient structure for lithium ion batteries

Considering electrospun nanofiber-based membranes that generally exhibit high porosity but poor mechanical property, there is a growing need to fabricate nanofibrous separators with comprehensive performance for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Silkworm cocoon, a source of design inspiration from nature, comprises a multilayer structure with composition change in the thickness direction, thereby endowing the cocoon with relatively high porosity and outstanding mechanical strength. Therefore, a silkworm cocoon-like structured nanofibrous separator (GPS) is fabricated in this work by initially preparing several polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibrous membranes with varied content of carboxyl styrene butadiene latex (SBR) and then laminating them in a concentration gradient sequence. Compared with the pristine PAN membrane, the GPS exhibits comparable porosity, thermal stability and electrolyte wettability due to the existence of PAN nanofibers, while the tensile strength and puncture resistance of the GPS are greatly raised by 5.5 times and 1.5 times, respectively. On account of the structure design, GPS also shows better mechanical strength than PAN/SBR separators without concentration gradient, and the strengthening mechanism has been verified by the finite element analysis. Meanwhile, such gradient structure of GPS renders the battery with desirable ion transport ability and stable cycle properties. Thus, the silkworm cocoon-like structured separator could be a promising separator candidate for LIBs, and the bioinspired design in structure will play an increasingly important role in the development of high-performance battery in the future.

Lignin Derived Ultrathin All-Solid Polymer Electrolytes with 3D Single-Ion Nanofiber Ionic Bridge Framework for High Performance Lithium Batteries.

The lignin derived ultrathin all-solid composite polymer electrolyte (CPE) with a thickness of only 13.2µm, which possess 3D nanofiber ionic bridge networks composed of single-ion lignin-based lithium salt (L-Li) and poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) as the framework, and poly(ethylene oxide)/lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (PEO/LiTFSI) as the filler, is obtained through electrospinning/spraying and hot-pressing. t. The Li-symmetric cell assembled with the CPE can stably cycle more than 6000h under 0.5mA cm-2 with little Li dendrites growth. Moreover, the assembled Li||CPE||LiFePO4 cells can stably cycle over 700 cycles at 0.2 C with a super high initial discharge capacity of 158.5 mAh g-1 at room temperature, and a favorable capacity of 123 mAh g-1 at -20°C for 250 cycles. The excellent electrochemical performance is mainly attributed to the reason that the nanofiber ionic bridge network can afford uniformly dispersed single-ion L-Li through electrospinning, which synergizes with the LiTFSI well dispersed in PEO to form abundant and efficient 3D Li+ transfer channels. The ultrathin CPE induces uniform deposition of Li+ at the interface, and effectively inhibit the lithium dendrites. This work provides a promising strategy to achieve ultrathin biobased electrolytes for solid-state lithium ion batteries.